Among all the lamps of a motorcycle, the headlamp is the most important, the most complex, and best reflects the technical level of a lamp manufacturing enterprise.
1. Technical requirements for motorcycle headlamps as stipulated by national standards
According to GB7258-2004 "Technical Conditions for the Operation Safety of Motor Vehicles", GB5948-1998 "Photometric Performance of Incandescent Filament Light Source Headlamps for Motorcycles", GB19152-2003 "Photometric Performance of Headlamps for Mopeds", and GB18100-2000 "Installation Regulations for Lighting and Light Signal Devices for Two-wheeled Motorcycles and Mopeds" According to the provisions of mandatory standards such as "", motorcycle headlamps should meet the following six technical requirements.
Under normal usage conditions, the headlamps should be firmly installed, intact and effective. They must not become loose, damaged, lose their function or change the direction of light due to vehicle vibration. Even when subjected to vibration, they should still meet the usage requirements.
b) The headlamps should be equipped with both high and low beam beams and a high and low beam conversion device. When changing from high beam to low beam, the high beam should be turned off simultaneously, and the low beam should be anti-glare.
c) Even in the dark, the headlamp bulb can be installed in the correct position, that is, the positioning pins can accurately enter the positioning slot (with proper size matching), and when the bulb is installed in the wrong position, it will be obviously tilted.
d) The light color of the headlamps is white, and its chromaticity characteristics should comply with the provisions of GB4785. The chromaticity coordinates should be checked using the standard light source A specified in GB/T3978 (with a color temperature of 2856K).
e) Headlamp light distribution: The low beam should have sufficient illumination without being dazzling, and the high beam should have good illumination.
When motorcycles use S1 or S2 incandescent bulbs, and mopeds use S3 or S4 incandescent bulbs or similar closed headlamps, on the specified standard light distribution screen, the low light should produce a distinct horizontal light and dark cut-off line, and the motorcycle should remain level within at least 5° left and right of the V-V line. Mopeds should be kept level within a range of at least 900mm around the V-V line.
When HS1 halogen bulbs are used for motorcycles, HS2 halogen bulbs for mopeds or similar enclosed headlamps, the low beam should produce a distinct light and dark cut-off line. The horizontal part of the low beam of the motorcycle should be on the left side of the V-V line, and on the right side, it should form a 15° diagonal line upward from the horizontal line, or a 45° diagonal line upward to a 25cm vertical distance from the horizontal line and then turn to a horizontal line. The low beam of a light motorcycle should remain level within at least 2250mm around the V-V line, and the illuminance variation between adjacent areas should be uniform without obvious sudden changes.
f) The bulbs used for the headlamps shall comply with the provisions of Table 1. Light bulbs are vulnerable parts. After being used for a period of time, they may burn out or get damaged. When replacing light bulbs, be sure to pay attention to choosing those that meet the above regulations. Do not use substandard bulbs for the sake of convenience or cheapness.
2. The current status of domestic motorcycle headlamp technology
China's motorcycle lighting industry started in the 1980s. After more than 20 years of development and expansion, by 2003, it had grown into an industry with over 300 various manufacturing enterprises, an annual output of 15 million sets, and an annual output value of over 1 billion yuan. At present, the gap in manufacturing technology between some domestic lighting enterprises and foreign enterprises has become very small, and their products can be comparable to those of foreign enterprises.
With the development of science and technological progress, some new technologies and processes have gradually been applied to domestic motorcycle headlamps. Typical examples include the light curing treatment of the surface of polycarbonate (PC) light distribution lenses and the application of FREE-FORM headlamp technology.
At present, domestic motorcycle headlamps mainly have two problems: the cut-off lines for low beam brightness and darkness do not meet the regulations and non-standard bulbs are used. The former mainly lies in the fact that the transition zone between the light and dark cut-off lines is too wide. The change of light from dark to bright is a gradual change rather than a sudden change, which makes it difficult for Zone III and the 50V point to meet the standard requirements. The reason for this might be that there are problems in the photometry design or during the mold processing and polishing, or it could be that the mold itself has been used too many times, causing excessive wear on the forming surface. The latter mainly uses bulb types that are not listed in national standards or European regulations. At present, the common non-standard bulbs are mainly thumb-shaped bulbs. The distance between the filament and the reference surface is shorter than that of S1 to S4, HS1 and HS2, and the lamp head model is also different from these types of bulbs. The use of this type of bulb affects the interchangeability of the bulbs.
3. Development Trends of motorcycle headlamp technology
In recent years, many new light sources suitable for motorcycle headlamps have emerged internationally. Specifically, there are mainly the following types.
a) Projection headlamp
By using modern projection technology to project the headlamp light onto the rearview mirror or freeform surface, a clear light and dark cut-off line can be obtained for the low beam, with good uniformity of the low beam light. Moreover, its opening size is small, and the lighting range on the side and front of the vehicle is wide.
b) Xenon headlamps
This headlamp breaks through the traditional incandescent and halogen lamp technologies. It adopts high-tech to fill xenon gas into a quartz tube, and then through a precise fixator, the 12V voltage of the battery is instantly increased to over 20,000V, exciting the xenon electrons in the tube to be released, forming a very strong arc light between the two electrodes. The super strong white arc light can rival the intense midday sunlight. Compared with traditional halogen lamps, its brightness is increased by 300%, and it shines further, wider and more evenly, significantly enhancing riding safety at night, in thick fog and heavy rain. Xenon bulbs are not only highly efficient and energy-saving (they can save 50% of energy with unchanged power), but also have a long service life (they can be used for more than 6 years).
c) LED headlamps
This headlamp is developed from LED brake lights and LED taillights. It has the advantages of small volume (thickness reduced by 58%), light weight (reduced by 48%), large irradiation area (increased by 48%), low energy consumption (only 1/5 to 1/10 of that of incandescent lamps), high reliability, fast start-up (it can emit light after 60ms of power-on), and is convenient to use, requires a small installation depth, and has good mechanical properties, but it is relatively expensive.
d) AFS adaptive headlamps
This headlamp is a new product that countries around the world are actively developing. The direction of its light can be automatically adjusted according to the speed of the motorcycle and the size of the vehicle's corner, thus significantly enhancing the riding safety of motorcycles.
Although these new light sources can produce excellent light distribution patterns and outstanding lighting effects, their prices are unlikely to drop significantly in the short term. As domestic motorcycles are mainly used for commuting, their headlamps are primarily designed to meet the most basic safety requirements. Therefore, it is unlikely that the above-mentioned new light sources will be widely adopted in the near future. However, as the usage grade of motorcycles improves and lighting regulations become stricter, the above-mentioned new technologies will gradually be promoted and applied to domestic motorcycles.
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